Negeriku

etiap orang didunia ini pasti memiliki negeri impian,begitu pun dengan saya. Saya berharap bisa tinggal di sebuah negri yang tentram dan damai. Negeri yang mempunyai pemandangan alam yang indah serta terjaga kealamiannya.Tidak seperti negeri ini yang semakin lama hutannya semakin habis karena eksploitasi yang berlebihan.Negeri yang awalnya disebut sebagai "Paru-paru" dunia kini mulai menghilang seiring habisnya hutan yang ada di negeri ini.Orang orang yang mekukan hal tersebut tidak memikirkan nasib orang lain yang msih membutuhkan hutan,yang mereka pikirkan hanyalah kepentingan pribadi serta kekayaan mereka saja. Hewan-hewan langka yang ada dinegeri ini pun semakin lama semakin terancam kelestariannya,betapa kasihannya anak cucu kita yang tidak bisa menyaksikan keindahan alam yang dimiliki oleh negeri kelahirannya.
Betapa mirisnya negeri yang kaya akan sumber daya alam ini tetapi tidak bisa merasakan hasil dari sumber daya alam tersebut karena semua dikuasai oleh negara asing. Para petinggi dinegeri ini sangat dibutakan oleh harta,sehingga melakukan apa saja untuk mendapatkan harta sekalipun harus mengorbankan negerinya. Moral para petinggi si negeri ini juga semakin hancur. Bamyak kasus korupsi terjadi dimana-mana,dari kalangan atas maupun kalangan bawah. Keadilan dinegeri ini pun lebih memihak kepada orang yang "berduit",sehingga rakyat kecil di negeri ini semakin tergilas.
Sebenarnya banyak orang-orang pintar di negeri ini, banyak dari mereka yang mengenyam pendidikan tinggi, tapi kehadiran mereka belum bisa membuat negeri ini bisa mencapai cita-citanya. Mereka lebih senang bekerja diluar negri, karena mungkin dinegeri ini keahlian mereka masih belum bisa dihargai dengan sesuai.

Kondisi perolahragaan di negeri ini juga semakin terpuruk,cabang sepak bola yang sejak dulu msih sulit untuk mendapatkan gelar tingkat dunia,sedangkan di cabang bulutangkis yang biasanya negeri ini bisa menembus sampai partai final,kali ini hanya bisa sampai pada partai-partai awal saja. Lagi-lagi ini kembali kepada para petinggi pengurus cabang olahraga tersebut,"mengapa ini semua bisa terjadi?" bahkan yang lebih parahnya lagi di negeri ini ada dua organisasi sepakbola yang sama-sama menggelar kompetisi nasional,padahal menurut aturan FIFA di suatu negara hanya ada boleh ada satu kompetisi tingkat nasional.dan karena adanya dua organisasi tersebut maka para pemain juga mejadi korban,pemain yang bermain di liga yang di anggap "tidak resmi" tidak boleh memperkuat tim nasional,maka itu sama saja membatasi prestasi mereka.

Tipe-tipe if-caluse

1. Tipe if-clause :

*Tipe 1
Dalam tipe 1, if clause dalam present tense, sedangkan main clause biasanya dalam bentuk present, future, atau imperative.

*Tipe 2
Type 2 is concerned with hypothetical or unreal situations in the present. (berkaitan dengan khayalan atau situasi yang tidak nyata saat ini.)


*Tipe 3Type 3 is concerned with hypothetical discussion about the past.


2. Tipe Wish :


*Type 1. mengenai kejadian nyata
Dalam tipe 1, if clause dalam present tense, sedangkan main clause biasanya dalam bentuk present, future, atau imperative.

*Type 2
Type 2 is concerned with hypothetical or unreal situations in the present. (berkaitan dengan khayalan atau situasi yang tidak nyata saat ini.)

Tipe 3
Type 3 is concerned with hypothetical discussion about the past


3. Fungsi dari masing-masing tipe :

*Tipe 1.
Dalam tipe 1, if clause dalam present tense, sedangkan main clause biasanya dalam bentuk present, future, atau imperative.

*Tipe 2
Tipe 2 is concerned with hypothetical or unreal situations in the present. (berkaitan dengan khayalan atau situasi yang tidak nyata saat ini.)

*Tipe 3
Tipe 3 is concerned with hypothetical discussion about the past.




4. 10 contoh kalimat pengandaian beserta faktanya

1. If I got the money, would buy you the comic. Fact: I don't get the money so I don't buy you the comic.


2. If my mother prepared the break fast, we would eat it. fact : Mother doesn’t prepare the breakfast so we don't eat it.

3. Father would pick me if I asked him. fact : Father doesn’t pickme because I don't ask him.

4. If the teacher didn’t come we would be happy. fact : The Teacher comes so we aren't be happy.

5. The teacher would give us the test if we were ready. fact : The teacherdoesn't give us the test because we
aren’t ready.

6. The boy wouldn’t playin the rain if his mother didn't permit him The boy plays in the rain because his Mother permits him.

7. If he had visited me, I would have been happy He didn't visited me so I wasn't happy.

8. If they had not attended the meting, they wouldn’t have gotten the information.

9. They attended the meting, they got the information.

10. I would have been late if I hadn't gotten up early I wasn't late because I got up early.



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Conditional Sentence

1. Conditional (Kalimat Pengandaian) menjelaskan bahwa sebuah kegiatan bertentangan dengan kegiatan yang lain. Conditional yang paling umum adalah Real Conditonal dan Unreal Conditonal, kadang-kadang disebut juga if-clauses.

2. Bentuk Conditional Sentences :
- Zero Conditional
- Real Conditional
- Unreal Conditional
- Conditional Tipe III

3. 10 kalimat yang menggunakan Conditional Sentences :
- If it doesn’t rain, I will go shopping.
- If you had studied hard, you would have passed the exam.
- If you start thinking about this game, it will drive you crazy.
- If you came home earlier, I would make you a cake.
- If I hadn’t helped you, you would have failed
- If it had been sunny, we could have gone out.
- I would buy a new car, if I won the competition
- I won’t mark your homework, unless you hand it in.
- Unless you hand in your homework, I won’t mark it.
- Water boils if you heat it to 100 degrees Celsius.

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Contoh kalimat passive

1. 10 kalimat passive berbentuk negatif :

1. Fani isn't helped by Nick
2. The food wasn't ate by Nick
3. Faisal isn't kicked by Fani
4. A ceremony is not held by somebody
5. The car was not stolen by him
6. The castle wasn't built by the King of Majapahit
7. The house wasn't built by me
8. The dog wasn't not kicked by me
9. The boat wasn't kicked by Sangkuriang
10. The paper isn't cut by Fani

2. 10 kalimat pasif berbentuk kalimat tanya

1. Will you bring your pen?
2. Is the school uniform wasn't wearing by her?
3. Is cake made by her?
4. Is Siska helped by Indri?
5. Is donat eaten by Andri?
6. Is that boy who kicking Bowo?
7. Did she pass the test?
8. Does today I go to campus?
9. Is today is a sunny day said the Forecast?
10. Is cake eaten by her?



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Intransitive verb

1. Intransitive verb adalah kata kerja yang tidak memerlukan obyek, karena sudah dapat dipahami dengan sempurna makna kalimat tersebut.

2. Kata kerja Intransitive verbs adalah :
- Shine
- Come
- Sit
- Boil
- Sleep
- Fall
- Cry

3. 10 kalimat intrasitive verb :
- The baby cries
- My mother is sleeping
- The water bolls
- Water boils at 100 degree celcius
- They will sleep in my hotel
- She sits alone
- He rain drops from the sky
- He played the fool
- He laughs a hard laugh
- He slept a sound sleep



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Transitive verb

1. Transitive verb yaitu kata kerja yang memerlukan objek untuk menyempurnakan arti kalimat atau melengkapi makna kalimat.

2. Kata kerja Transitive adalah :
- Drink
- Watch
- Read
- Fill
- Open
- Close

3. Contoh kalimat :
- He watches the film
- The man cuts the tree
- He struck the board
- He bought a shirt
- They watch the film
- You push the door
- He killed a snake
- She brushes her hair every hour
- Arina will lose the race
- He is reading a magazine

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Passive voice

1. Definisi passive voice :
Kalimat pasif adalah kalimat yang subjeknya bukan pelaku suatu tindakan. Si subjek adalah si penerima akibat dari sebuah tindakan.

2. Mengubah kalimat aktif menjadi pasif :
Kalimat aktif diubah menjadi kalimat pasif dengan menjadikan “object” kalimat aktif itu sebagai “Subject” kalimat pasif tersebut. Berdasarkan hal itu jelaslah bahwa hanya kalimat yang memiliki “object” yang dapat diubah menjadi pasif.
Contoh :
aktif : Yanto slapped the boy on his face
pasif : The boy was slapped on his face

3. Contoh kalimat :
Aktif : He writes the letter carefully.
Pasif : The letter is written carefully.

Aktif : He meets them everyday.
Pasif : They are met by him everyday.

Aktif : He had met them before I came.
Pasif : They had been met by him before I came.

Aktif : He will meet them tomorrow.
Pasif : They will be met by him tomorrow.

Aktif : He would have met them.
Pasif : They would have been met by him.



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10 Contoh kalimat gerund

1. Aldi will stop selling the book.
Aldi will stop to sell the book.

2. Bagus will continue studying in the UK.
Bagus will continue to study in the UK.

3. She starts learning English.
She starts to learn English.

4. I regret selling my old house.
I regret to sell my old house

5. She tried opening the box.
She tried to open the box

6. I advise going home.
I advise her to go home.

7. I can't stand living in a crowded area.
I can't stand to live in a croded area.

8. I hate waiting for someone who always late.
I hate to wait for someone who always late.

9. I like listening to the radio.
I like to listen to the radio.

10. I like reading a book in the park.
I like to read a book in the park.

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Ciri-ciri Gerund

Subject
Gerund sebagai subjek pokok kalimat, contoh:
- Swimming is good service.
- Your singing is very beautiful.
- Studying needs time and patience.
- Playing tennis is fun.
- Reading English is easier than speaking it.

Subjective Complement
Gerund sebagai pelengkap subjek dalam kalimat biasanya selalu didahului to be yang terletak di antara subject dan subjective complement, contoh:
- My favorite sport is running.
- My favorite activity is reading.

Direct Object
Gerund sebagai objek langsung dalam kalimat, contoh:
- I enjoy dancing.
- She likes dancing.
- Thank you for your coming.
- I hate arguing.

Object of Preposition
Gerund sebagai objek preposisi yang terletak setelah preposisi. Preposisi yang sering dipakai adalah of, on, no, with, without, at for, after, before, because of, to, like, about, for, by, in.
Contoh:
- He is tired of gambling.
- I am fond of eating bakso.
- He insisted on seeing her.
- I have no objection to hearing your story.
- You will not be clever without studying.
- They are good at telling funny stories.
- In sleeping I met you in the park.

Appositive
Gerund sebagai aposisi atau penegas dalam kalimat, contoh:
- My hobby, fishing, is interesting.
- I do not like quarrelling, a useless job.
My hobby is fishing dan fishing is interesting diletakkan bersebelahan dalam sebuah kalimat sebagai appositive (fishing adalah aposisi dari my hobby), begitu juga contoh kalimat dibawahnya.
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Gerund

Gerund adalah kata benda yang berasal dari kata kerja ditambah –ing, misalnyaswimming, eating, fishing, shopping, dancing, dan singing. Bila diperhatikan, gerundmempunyai bentuk yang sama dengan present participle, bedanya gerund berfungsi sebagai kata benda, sedangkan present participle sebagai kata sifat yang menerangkan kata benda.
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Bahasa Inggris Bisnis

CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER!


1.The employees responsible for carrying out general office duties, filling in forms and keeping statistics are...
Answer : b.accountants

2.The employees who sell a company's products are the sales representatives, usually known as ………..
Answer : a.vendors

3.The employees who decide what to purchase, and who make the purchases of finished goods or components to be made into goods, are the ………..
Answer : b.procurers

4. The employees who are responsible for seeing that the finished goods are well made are the
Answer : b.quality controllers

5. The clerical workers who use typewriters or word processors and who produce letters, memos or othe documents, are ...........
Answer : a.secretaries

6. The employees who check a company's financial affairs are the ............
Answer : b.accountants

7.The employees who are responsible for preparing checks, pay packets and pay slips are the ............
Answer : c.paying clerks

8. The workers who process data, under the control of managers and supervisors, are the computer …….
Answer : b.operators

9.The person who greets a visitor and tells him or her how to get to the right office is the ..........
Answer : c.receptionist

10. The employees who deal with a company's telephone calls are the
Answer : a.VDU operators

11.The Board of ......is responsible for deciding on and controlling the strategy of a corporation or company.
Answer : b.Directors

12. Small businesses depend on investors providing ………capital.
Answer : b.individual

13. Investors are influenced by the projected ………. on their capital.
Answer : b.return

14. The capital needed to run a business is provided by ...........
Answer : c.investment

15. Rent and rates, which do not change as turnover volume changes, make up the .......costs of a company.
Answer : a.fixed


1. CHOOSING FROM THE WORDS IN THE BOX!


a. information e.chips h. WYSIWYG k. controls
b. processing f. RAM i. graphics l. systems
c. load g. ROM j. bugs m. scroll
d. files


1. Problems in programs are caused by J.Bugs

2. Silicon E.Chips contain a set of integrated circuits, reduced to a very small size.

3. Obtaining A.Information is done by b. Processing data.

4. Software produces images which can appear on the screen as I.Graphics

5. Memory that is permanent, cannot be written to, and can only be read, is G.ROM

6. Memory into which information can be loaded and from which data can be read, isF.RAM

7. Operators C.Load into the computer's memory a program that they want to use.

8. Analysing ways of doing things, and of improving them, is done by L.System analysts.

9. "What you see is what you get" explains H.WYSIWYG

10. A single disk can contain a large number of different D.Files

11. K.Controls can carry out instructions or operations when certain conditions occur.

12. The operators lines of text up the screen, so that a new line appears at the bottom and the top line disappears M.Scroll

Tugas 12

menurut saya tentang gambar diatas adalah :

mereka semua bukan wakil rakyat. mereka melakukan itu tidak sadar kalau kita rakyat kecil sedang melihatnya. tidak pantas dicontoh wakil rakyat seperti ini. disaat sedang mengadakan rapat mereka malah asik tidur dan tidak tahu nasib para rakyat-rakyat yang sedang kelaparan.
mereka diberi fasilitas mewah serba ada, tetapi hasil semua rapat yang selalu memakan waktu berjam-jam itu semua NOL. menurut saya, sampai sekarang pun wakil rakyat belum ada yang sesuai dengan mulut mereka yang biasa mereka ucapkan di rapat-rapat. tidak patut dicontoh!!!!

Tugas 13

Opini saya tentang gambar diatas adalah seorang kepala daerah tidak mau dianggap gagal dalam mengelola daerahnya.sehingga hal yg cukup besar masih di anggap hal yang wajar baginya.

10 example about how to change direct speech into indirect

Direct speech		Indirect speech
Present simple  She said, “It’s cold.”	›	Past simple  She said it was cold.
Present continuous  She said, “I’m teaching English online.”	›	Past continuous  She said she was teaching English online.
Present perfect simple  She said, “I’ve been on the web since 1999.”	›	Past perfect simple She said she had been on the web since 1999.
Present perfect continuous  She said, “I’ve been teaching English for seven years.”	›	Past perfect continuous  She said she had been teaching English for seven years.
Past simple  She said, “I taught online yesterday.”	›	Past perfect  She said she had taught online yesterday.
Past continuous  She said, “I was teaching earlier.”	›	Past perfect continuous  She said she had been teaching earlier.
Past perfect  She said, “The lesson had already started when he arrived.”	›	Past perfect  NO CHANGE – She said the lesson had already started when he arrived.
Past perfect continuous She said, “I’d already been teaching for five minutes.”	›	Past perfect continuous  NO CHANGE – She said she’d already been teaching for five minutes.

Bentuk Modals biasanya:

Direct speech		Indirect speech
will She said, “I’ll teach English online tomorrow.”	›	would She said she would teach English online tomorrow.
can She said, “I can teach English online.”	›	could She said she could teach English online.
must She said, “I must have a computer to teach English online.”	›	had to  She said she had to have a computer to teach English online.
shall She said, “What shall we learn today?”	›	should She asked what we should learn today.
may She said, “May I open a new browser?”	›	might She asked if she might open a new browser.

How to change direct speech to indirect speech

Perubahan direct menjadi indirect pada statement ditandai dengan ‘that’.
Kalimat langsung yang reporting sentence-nya memiliki verb dalam bentuk present tense (simple present, present continuous, and present perfect atau future tense) maka tidak ada perubahan tenses pada reported sentence dalam bentuk tidak langsung (indirect). Ini biasanya terjadi apabila:
1. Melaporkan suatu percakapan yang masih berlangsung
2. Membaca surat dan melaporkan apa isi surat tersebut
3. Membaca perintah dan langsung melaporkannya pada waktu tersebut
4. Melaporkan pernyataan yang sering muncul
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Example of indirect speect

simple past
He said (that) he went to school every day.
past perfect
He said (that) he had gone to school every day.
past perfect
He said (that) he had gone to school every day.
past progressive
He said (that) he was going to school every day.
perfect progressive
He said (that) he had been going to school every day,
He said to go school everyday.
He said (that) he was going to school every day.
She said she was teaching English online.
She asked him what he wanted.

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Example of direct speech

simple present
He said, “I go to school every day.”
simple past
He said, “I went to school every day.”
present perfect
He said, “I have gone to school every day.”
present progressive
He said, “I am going to school every day.”
past progressive
He said, “I was going to school every day.”
future (will)
He said, “I will go to school every day.”
Rizka said, " I'm very fat."
Sella said, " I'm going to school everyday."
"where are doing?" she asked.
She yelled at me, "don't leave the door open!."

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Make Indirect Speech

how to make a indirect speech?

pada kalimat tidak langsung ini, kita mengungkapkan maksud pembicara dengan mengungkapkan yang tidak sama persis. kalimat-kalimat indirect sering dihubungkan dengat kata "that".

contoh :
he said (that) he had lost his umbrella.

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Indirect Speech

Kalimat tidak langsung,merupakan kalimat yang diucapakan untuk menyampaikan perkatan seseorang kepada orang lain. Atau kalimat yang mengatakan kembali ucapan seseorang tanpa mengubah maksud apa yang di katakan si pembicara. Indirect speech bisa juga disebut reported speech atau kalimat yang dilaporkan karena di dalam indirect speech tidak ada tanda kutip.
Berdasarkan jenis kalimatnya maka Direct and indirect speech dapat dibedakn menjadi tiga bagian , yaitu :
1. Command abd Request
2. Statement
3. Question

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Make Direct Speech

how to make a direct speech?

menggunakan present tense (S + Untuk + Verb 1), dalam kalimat pertama menggunakan tanda (,) dan sebelum atau setelah menulis kalimatnya menggunakan tanda ("). biasanya sering digunakan dalam percakapan di dalam buku atau drama.

contoh :
Rizki said, "I will come to your house."

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Direct Speech

Direct speech adalah salah satu bagian yang tercakup dalam tata bahasa. Kalimat langsung itu sendiri berarti cara menyampaikan pesan atau kata- kata yang disampaikan oleh seseorang tanpa mengubah subjek maupun bentuk kata kerjanya.
Kalimat langsung dibagi menjadi dua bagian yaitu :
A. Reporting Verb adalah kata kerja yang melaporkan
B. Reported Words adalah kata-kata yang dilaporkan


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